The Life Of Jesus. The Life Of Jesus Christ As Told From

The Life of Jesus The life of Jesus Christ as told from The New Jerusalem Bible is filled with miracles and unexplainable happenings. This paper will be divided into three parts; the first will discuss we will see the various views from John, Mark, Luke and Matthew. Then the nature of the gospel where I will answer questions like were the writers eye witnesses, and how they used these written sources. We will also see what a Q source is, the similarities between Matthew and Luke and how the Old Testament stories were used to interpret Jesus. The second portion of this paper entails Jesus’s birth, the miracles he created and his resurrection. We will learn about the things Jesus did like cures and spirits and see how these were†¦show more content†¦An example of The Synoptic’s similarity comes from the story of Jesus’ birth; â€Å"And when Jesus had been baptized he at once came up from the water and the heaven’s opened† (NBJ, 1151). Corresp ondingly, the Synoptic’s share the notion that Jesus had no preexistence to his life. This idea differs from John’s gospel, because he believed that Jesus had a pre-existence as a human being (Trumbach). â€Å"Through him all things came into being, not one thing came into being except through him† (NBJ, 1243). Another contradicting example can be see when in the synoptic gospels, they believe that Jesus made a single trip from Galilee to Jerusalem, whereas in John’s Gospel, it is believed that he had done five. There are more cures in the gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke than those in John’s. On the account of similarities between the Gospels of Matthew and Luke we can see how they project the same thoughts but in different ways. Luke states that the Lord’s Prayer was done â€Å"on a level piece of ground where there was a large gathering of his disciples† (NJB, 1214). Contractively, in Matthew’s gospel he says Jesus was â€Å"seeing the crowds he went onto the mountain (NJB 1152). This example portrays how Matthew and Mark have similar stories but are slightly altered by the writer. Luke and Matthew both try to prove Jesu’s birth line. Matthew believed that Jesus is a descendent from Abraham; â€Å"Roll of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, son of David, son ofShow MoreRelatedThe Passion Of The Christ1520 Words   |  7 PagesAnytime a movie is written and directed about Jesus Christ there is bound to be a high amount of controversy surrounding the correctness within the movie. The Passion of the Christ, directed by Mel Gibson, is a perfect exa mple of the controversial issues that arise when a biblical movie is viewed. Each individual that views this film will have varying differences of opinions. Some have thought the movie is a fantastic replay of the death of Jesus Christ by crucifixion. While others have found everyRead MoreUnderstanding God s Role For Humanity Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesmost prized creation. Once mankind was seduced by evil and disobeyed God, he had to punish man and has spent eternity trying to restore people back to his or her original nature and purpose. This paper will briefly discuss God, his role in humanity, Jesus, restoration with my analysis and reflection on the Christian faith. God God is all powerful, unchanging and ever-present and has many other attributes which make him personal to humankind. He is also good, faithful, loving and holy. One can realizeRead MoreJoseph Of The Holy Ghost1229 Words   |  5 Pageslegally the father of Jesus. It is not the flesh, nor the blood that makes Jesus legally heir and gives Him the right to the throne of David, but being a son through Joseph s marriage does. That is why we find in Luke 2:41,48 where Joseph is called one of Christ s parents and also the father. 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Confessing that Jesus is the peoples Messiah is easy within the confines of a church but it is not so easy when we are placed before the unbelieving, those who hold contrary authorities in high regard.He is more than simply a greatRead MoreJohn 14 : 2-3 ( Niv ) Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesall names, he holds the world in his hands, and one day Jesus promise us that he will come back and receive his children. â€Å"My Father’s house has many rooms; if that were not so, would I have told you that I am going there to prepare a place for you? And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am.† John 14:2-3 (NIV). Can you picture it? The day when we can finally be with Jesus face to face, speaking to him directly as we do to thoseRead MoreThe Story Of Jesus Christ932 Words   |  4 PagesThe Story of Jesus Jesus Christ was born around 6 B.C to Joseph and Mary in Bethlehem. His mother Mary was a virgin. Very little is known about his early life but some of it is recorded in the New Testament. In the belief of Christianity Jesus Christ is the son of God. It is written that a 12 year old Jesus accompanied his parents on a journey to Jerusalem where they became separated. Christians believe Jesus Christ died for our sins and then rose from the dead. Jesus was born during the reign of

A Defense Of Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson - 934 Words

Judith Jarvis Thomson is an American moral philosopher that is well known for her defense of moral justice and description of moral rights. She has published in prestigious papers in ethics, metaphysics, and the philosophy of law. Including the most widely written essay â€Å"A Defense of Abortion† , that was published in 1971 in the journal of philosophy and public affairs. This essay constructs abortion rights with pregnant woman’s rights to control her own body and it’s life support purpose, as opposed to denying the quality or condition of the unborn child. Thomson uses plenty of experiments to defend her argument, but the most famous include a world-class violinist. The life-support violinist thought experiment relates to the abortion debate by presenting that both events would take the woman by surprise. Both violinist and the fetus are attached to the woman s body, which both need in order to live. They both will eventually liberate her after nine months. Thomson assumes that all fetuses are persons and that every person has a right to life, although she argues that being a person does not, by itself, entitle you to use someone else’s resources, even if those resources are needed in order to preserve your life (Thomson, â€Å"A Defense of abortion†, pg. 348). She explains why abortion is morally permissible using different circumstances of becoming pregnant, such as rape or unplanned pregnancy. Thomson says that a woman has the right to bodily autonomy, and the right, inShow MoreRelatedA Defense Of Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson1549 Words   |  7 Pagesif she did not have an abortion. In such circumstances, the woman’s right to self-defence outweighs a fetus’ right to life, however I would not allow that the mother’s right outweighs the fetus’ if the mother wanted to have an abortion of convenience because this denies the child of possible future experiences. Firstly, I will outline Judith Jarvis Thomson’s argument for self-defence. In her article, ‘A Defense of Abortion’, Thomson provides an analogy in favour of abortion. She asks the reader toRead MoreA Defense Of Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson951 Words   |  4 PagesIn Judith Jarvis Thomson’s A Defense of Abortion, Thomson explores the relationship between the rights of a fetus and the rights of a human, in this case the mother. Thomson is an American moral philosopher and meta-physician. She is known for her defense of moral objectivity, her account of moral rights, her views about the incompleteness of the term good, and her use of thought experiments to make philosophical points. In the article, Thomson defends abortions in several certain circumstancesRead MoreA Defense Of Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson921 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is a major issue that has lead to many different opinions, ideas, and various debates. Proponents for abortio n often use the fact that a fetus is not a moral person to justify their position, whereas those who are against the issue often claim that a fetus is a moral person and should deserve every right a moral person has, including the right to live. Judith Jarvis Thomson, however, takes an entirely different approach. In her article â€Å"A Defense of Abortion† Thomson argues that even ifRead MoreA Defense of Abortion by Judith Jarvis Thomson1354 Words   |  5 PagesJudith Jarvis Thomson proposes her argument in her article, A Defense of Abortion. There, she explains to her readers during what circumstances is abortion justifiable. Thomson uses the argument by analogy strategy to explain to her readers her argument. She tries to reach her conclusion by comparing it to similar cases. The point she is trying to make is to tell her readers that abortion is morally permissible only in some cases, like when the mother has been a victim of rape, when contraceptionRead MoreA Defense O f Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson1302 Words   |  6 PagesJudith Jarvis Thomson argues in â€Å"A Defense of Abortion† that abortion in cases of rape is acceptable because of the element of coercion. She makes a preliminary assumption that the foetus has a right to life, but she argues that this right to life does not necessarily include the right not to be killed. She makes this argument in large part through a particularly vivid analogy of an unconscious violinist. Thomson claims that the analogy defends abortion in cases of rape by showing that if a woman’sRead MoreA Defense Of Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson1784 Words   |  8 Pages In Judith Jarvis Thomson’s essay â€Å"A Defense of Abortion† (1971), she defends the thesis that abortion is morally permissible. She argues that even if a fetus is a person, and possesses every right to life, that that in itself does not constitute the impermissibility of abortion. In this essay, I will defend a nd critique Thomson’s defense of abortion’s moral permissibility in light of apparent weaknesses that critics have pointed out. Thomson’s argues that abortion is morally permissible. She grantsRead MoreEssay on Judith Jarvis Thomson: a Defense of Abortion1946 Words   |  8 PagesJudith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion – CRITICAL EXPOSITION The goal of Judith Jarvis Thomson in her defense of abortion is to sway the ideas of those who are against abortion by challenging the arguments they give for thinking so. She begins by stating a premise. â€Å"For the sake of the argument† a human embryo is a person. This premise is one of the arguments most opponents of abortion use, but as she points out, isn’t much of an argument at all. These people spend a lot of their time dwellingRead More A Defense of Abortion by Judith Jarvis Thomson Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesA Defense of Abortion by Judith Jarvis Thomson In the article A Defense of Abortion Judith Jarvis Thomson argues that abortion is morally permissible even if the fetus is considered a person. In this paper I will give a fairly detailed description of Thomson main arguments for abortion. In particular I will take a close look at her famous violinist argument. Following will be objections to the argumentative story focused on the reasoning that one persons right to life outweighs anotherRead MoreA Defense Of Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson Summary1133 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"A Defense of Abortion† written by Judith Jarvis Thomson, the author analyzes premises for which she believes that abortion should be permissible, but argues in some cases abortion should also not be allowed. Her analysis is different from most papers on this subject, because she immediately throws the argument of if the fetus is a person out the window. She calls it a â€Å"slippery slope argument†(Thomson 54). Thomson, instead, presents that a fetus does have the right to life, but she uses thoughtRead MoreSummary Of The Defense Of Abortion By Judith Jarvis Thomson1175 Words   |  5 Pages In her article, â€Å"The Defense of Abortion†, Judith Jarvis Thomson states an analogy involving a violinist. She first states that you are allowed to unplug yourself in the violinist scenario, second abortion after rape is analogous to the violinist scenario, therefore, you should be allowed to unplug yourself and be allowed to abort after rape (Chwang, Abortion slide 12). In this paper, I will argue that abortion is morally acceptable even if the fetus is considered a person. This paper will criticize

Cloud Computing Data and Programs

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing for Data and Programs. Answer: Introduction: Cloud computing defines the process of storing and accessing data, programs through the internet instead of the hard drive of the computer (Dinh et al. 2013). The term cloud is just a metaphor for the internet. The cloud is not same as the hard drive of the computer, when the data are stored or the program is being run on the hard drive that is called the local storage and computing (Zissis and Lekkas 2012). In addition to this, the cloud computing is accessing the data in a very short time period. In this report, we are describing the list of cloud computing providers, their utilized models, justification for selecting Windows Azure and comparison between the Windows Azure and Bluemix. Cloud Computing Providers and their Models Cloud service providers Services Models of cloud services providers Microsoft Windows Azure PaaS Amazon Amazon Web Services PaaS IaaS IBM IBM Cloud IBM Bluemix Services PaaS IaaS SaaS Lenovo Red Hat cloud SUSE cloud VMware cloud SaaS Google Google computer cloud PaaS Explanation for choosing Windows Azure There are several reasons because of which here the Windows Azure is chosen for discussing the impact of the cloud computing. These reasons are mentioned below: Message Orientation: The most crucial facility of the Windows Azure is the Message- Orientation. The web service operates with the help of the messages. The main focus is put on the processing and formation of the messages (Azure.microsoft.com 2016). The RPC system operate the messages by putting them into the subordinate part, unlike this system, the Windows Azure also operate the messages by making them strictly subordinate to the local programming. This is not applicable for the message format utilized for the message exchange (SOAP) but it also provides the description of the web services (WSDL) (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). There is remote procedure called as the metaphor to view the web service. Protocol Composability: Protocol can be composed while it is being used in some combination or individually. In Silos there are several protocol designers who are interested to develop new protocols for the innovating something new in the technological world (Dinh et al. 2013). In case of the other web services, the domains are overlapped due to which the operation cost is increased and usability get hampered. Windows Azure doesnt follow this aspect. Comparison and Contrast between Windows Azure and IBM Bluemix Cloud Service Model There are three types of cloud service models utilized by IBM (Calder 2014). These models are: IaaS (Infrastructure as a service), SaaS (Software as a service), and PaaS (Platform as a service). Through the SaaS web service can be as commercial software, software can be managed from the inner location and software can be delivered from one to many models. PaaS is developed to maintain, host, deploy and test the applications in the same combined development environment (Huang et al. 2012). IaaS is developed to make the resources distributed as a service allows the dynamic scaling. Figure 1: SaaS, IaaS and PaaS (Source: Wang et al. 2012, pp- 230) In case of the Microsoft Web Services, they use only PaaS (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). The platform as a service provides the cloud service for development of the environment and this orientation of development provides a proper standard for the application developers. Cloud Service offered under the Model Model of Cloud Services Microsoft Web Services IBM Bluemix PaaS (Platform as a Services ) Core Messaging XML and the Infoset SOAP Message exchange patterns Transport Independence Addressing Metadata Interoperability profile WS-I Basic Profile Services provided by the application: The Session cache The data cache Web Sphere application server IaaS (infrastructure as a Services) Microsoft web services do not us use IaaS. Networking operations: Virtually operated private network Delivery system of the content Storage: Storage of the object Screen shot 1: Screen shot of the provided services by IBM Bluemix Screen shot 2: Screen shot of the provided services of Microsoft Service offered for Smart Application model Smart application models Windows Azure IBM Bluemix Artificial Intelligence Enables the natural and contextual interactions with the tools increase the users expectations by utilizing the power of machine based intelligence (Xu 2012) Watson services are utilized by IBM as artificial intelligence tool. Internet of things (IoT) Windows Azure connects the devices to the untapped data and integrates business system. Mapping of contexts, platform for IoT, application of IoT (Wang et al. 2012) Design of the Platform Azure utilizes AWS platform. Cloud foundry is used for designing platform Application developed ASP.NET, Website development with ASP.NET, NuGet etc. Bluemix provides CF applications, virtual servers, and containers for deploying applications. Deployment process Azure application provides the application framework like ASP.NET, PHP etc for deploying the service to Azure. Integrated development environment and line interface are used in deployment process. Navigation The navigation facility can be achieved by the Hub menu in the Azure preview. Hybrid cloud system is utilized for getting the navigation option within the cloud platform. Cost Model The Windows Azure provides several services: web and mobile service, storage, data, intelligence, analytics, internet of things, networking operation, media, CDN etc. These services are provided by Microsoft are divided into several instances: Basic tier, Standard tier, Local SSD etc. Basic tier provides 0.75GB, 1.75 GB and 3.5 GB RAM for the cost of 0.02 dollar/hr, 0.06 dollar/hr and 0.12 dollar/hr (Azure.microsoft.com 2016). Whereas, IBM Bluemix services are classified as Hobbyist, Medium Business and Large enterprise, these start ups involves 300/second, 600/second and 10000/second HTTP requests at the range of 24 to 175 dollar (Console.ng.bluemix.net 2016). Application and justification of best service provider There are several reasons for nominating the IBM Bluemix as the best cloud service provider: Cloud is conventional: Cloud involves all the cloud computing layers (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS) which make it more convenient for the business for achieving better flexibility in the market (Huang et al. 2012). Figure 2: Cloud Services (Source: Zissis and Lekkas 2012, pp- 590) Micro- services architecture: This architecture provides the IBM Bluemix to deploy several complex architectures to independent one. Figure 3: Micro- services architecture (Source: Huang et al. 2012, pp- 20) Rich option for reusable services: Reusability of software is main advantage of the IBM Bluemix, which make it more compatible than any other cloud services (Calder 2014). Figure 4: Reusable Services (Source: Calder 2014, pp- 2) Conclusion Cloud computing has invented as a new technological advancement, which has benefitted the modern world from different perspectives. In this report it can be concluded that, the IBM Bluemix cloud service is the best services compared to the Windows Azure, as it provide more extended platform for the development. In addition to this, other advantages of IBM Bluemix are given in this report in contrast with the Windows Azure. The platform utilized by the IBM Bluemix makes it more effective in the sector of cloud computing. References Azure.microsoft.com. (2016).Pricing Overview - How Azure pricing works | Microsoft Azure. [online] Available at: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/pricing/ [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Calder, B., 2014. Inside windows azure: the challenges and opportunities of a cloud operating system.ACM SIGPLAN Notices,49(4), pp.1-2. Console.ng.bluemix.net. (2016).Pricing - IBM Bluemix. [online] Available at: https://console.ng.bluemix.net/pricing/?cm_mc_uid=33220456422714707241059cm_mc_sid_50200000=1470729977 [Accessed 9 Aug. 2016]. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Huang, C., Simitci, H., Xu, Y., Ogus, A., Calder, B., Gopalan, P., Li, J. and Yekhanin, S., 2012. Erasure coding in windows azure storage. InPresented as part of the 2012 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 12)(pp. 15-26). Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. Scalable and secure sharing of personal health records in cloud computing using attribute-based encryption.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,24(1), pp.131-143. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Wang, C., Wang, Q., Ren, K., Cao, N. and Lou, W., 2012. Toward secure and dependable storage services in cloud computing.IEEE transactions on Services Computing,5(2), pp.220-232. Xu, X., 2012. From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing.Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing,28(1), pp.75-86. Zissis, D. and Lekkas, D., 2012. Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), pp.583-592.

Us Drug Policy Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Policy,

Us Drug Policy Q. Would the Amsterdam model be a useful government response to hallucinogen and marijuana use in this country? Why or why not? Amsterdam's coffee shops and cafes are notorious for the tolerated exchange of hashish and marijuana. This example goes completely against the moral principles underlying the United States drug policy. The United States drug policy stands by the zero tolerance rules. Our drug culture does not believe in any such thing as a use of an illegal drug, only abuse. So, why aren't the Dutch facing as many drug related problems as we are? Is a more laissez-faire approach to drugs the answer? We aren't winning the war on drugs. It is clear that the illegal drug use and drug related problems have increased in the United States. I think that the Amsterdam model may act a useful government response to hallucinogen and marijuana use in the United States. We have tried everything from stricter punishments to spending more dollars on drug prevention programs. The anti-drug law has led to the criminalization of more drugs and the imprisonment of more drug users. The cost of prohibition of drugs is getting pricier every year. Lester Grinspoon and James Bakalar stated, ?The arrest of more than 300,000 people a year on marijuana charges contributes the clogging of courts and the overcrowding of prisons. Federal, state, and local governments now spend nearly ten billion dollars a year on drug enforcement and hundreds of millions more to house and feed drug dealers and users in local, state and federal prisons?(80). The drug related problems are increasing rather than decreasing. Isn 't it time that we searched for a better alternative to fighting the war on drugs. I am not saying that legalizing all drugs is the solution. I definitely don't believe that legalizing all drugs would work in our society. I don't think that our society is mature enough to handle the responsibilities that go along with some of the hard drugs. The Dutch policy has come to accept that people are going to use soft drugs. Why not regulate the exchange of these drugs? The Dutch policy refers to this regulation as a ?house dealer? with a more controllable business instead of the dangerous ?black market?. The Public Prosecutions Office has drawn up a guideline for the operation of coffee shops: no sales of cannabis over 5 grammes; no sales of hard drugs or alcohol; no sales to minors; no advertising of the use of soft drugs and no nuisance. The Dutch drug policy bases their tolerance of certain drugs by the risks associated with them. Instead we group all of the illegal drugs together, suggesting that they are all dangerous and addictive. When in fact that is not the case. Some drugs aren't even dangerous and can be helpful with responsible use. Our culture is so uptight about the use of all drugs. We aren't even willing to see the positive effects that they may bring. One plausible explanation that the United States has for not following the Dutch policy is that using these softer drugs will lead to the use and addiction of harder drugs. When in fact studies have shown that despite the tolererant policies in Amsterdam, most Dutch don't try cannabis and even those who do try it usually don't continue using it often, much less harder drugs. Amsterdam serves as a good role model for the United States. Amsterdam proved that a self-governing society is able to handle a drug problem in an inexpensive more practical way. Prohibition isn't the solution to our on going battle with drugs. When are we going to search for a more practical and efficient way to handle our long overdue drug problem? Sociology Essays

Dubai Financial Market

Dubai Financial Market Abstract Financial markets are important entities in the economy. They have a significant effect on the performance of the national economy, as well as the performance of companies whose shares are listed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Dubai Financial Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial markets are places where stocks are traded. Stocks may include company shares, government bonds, and other securities. Foreign currencies are also traded here. In Dubai, the major financial market is referred to as the Dubai Financial Market. It is among the largest financial markets in the UAE region. This article will focus the various aspects of the Dubai Financial Market. Introduction Financial markets are popular economic entities in every nation. These are markets where securities, fungible items, as well as commodities are traded. The prices at which these securities are traded are guided by the laws of demand and supply. Financial markets could either be general or specialized. There is more than one item traded in the general market, unlike the specialized market that deals in a single commodity. Participants in these markets include individuals, companies, as well as government agencies. Financial markets are beneficial in a number of aspects. For instance, they help the organizations raise capital to expand their operations. Financial markets also facilitate risk transfer in what is referred to as derivative markets. Almost each country has its own financial market. In Dubai, there is the Dubai Financial Market (DFM) that was founded in the year 2000 on March 26th. It is headquartered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Since its inception, there are over 60 companies that have been listed on the Dubai Financial Market. Most of these companies are domestic, with only a few foreign companies if any. It is important to note that most of the foreign companies listed on Dubai Financia l Market are from the MENA region. They are from countries such as Kuwait, Sudan, Oman, and Bahrain. However, most of these companies have foreign shareholders, among other domestic shareholders. The information regarding Dubai Financial Market will be focused on in this research paper. The history of Dubai Financial Market will be outlined, its functions and objectives, the requirements that a company should meet to be listed here, as well as the growth of companies listed on the market and growth of trading in Dubai Financial Market. History of establishment of DFM Dubai Financial Market was established on the 26th day of March the year 2000. This is the same day when the operations commenced in the market. However, trading of shares did not commence until Wednesday 7th March 2007. It was established as a public institution and it was to function as an independent corporate body. The financial market was established through a resolution that was passed by the Ministry of Economy o f Dubai in the year 2000.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The resolution that led to the formation of Dubai Financial Market was referred to as the Resolution No. 14 of 2000. The organization operates as a secondary market where shares and other securities that have been issued by the public companies are traded. Federal government bonds are also traded here. In addition, the local government, as well as any other public institution has the right to trade its securities in the Dubai Financial Market (Dubai Financial Market, 2013). Financial instruments, as well as local and foreign currencies are also traded. In the year 2005, the Executive Council Decree set up Dubai Financial Market as a Public Joint Company in the United Arab Emirates. The paid up capital for the company was AED 8billion. This amount was to be allotted over 8 billion shares. The par val ue for every share was to be AED 1.6. Twenty per cent of the shares were issued to the public for public subscription. The response to this public initial offer was too positive, which led to a high level of oversubscription. The amount generated added up to AED 201billion, an amount well over the 8billion target. Since it was established, Dubai Financial Market has continued to grow and expand, as well as improve on its performance and services offering. During its first year of operation, the organization had less than 20 listed companies. Some of the companies that were listed by the end of the year 2000 include: Dubai Islamic, Dubai National Insurance and Reinsurance, Emirates Bank, Mashreq, Dubai Insurance, Union Insurance, Union Properties and Agico (Arabian General Investment Corp, or Shuaa), Emaar, Dubai Investment, as well as Tabreed also known as the National General Cooling Company. The company further had a total of 12 brokers who were accredited by the end of 2000. They included: â€Å"Al Sharhan, Commercial Bank International, Dubai International Securities, Dubai Islamic Bank, Dubex Securities International, Emirates Bank International, Emirates Commercial Centre, Mashreq, National Bank of Abu Dhabi, National Bank of Dubai, Shurooq, and Union National† (Gulfnews.com, 2001). However, it recorded a consistent growth in its first three quarters of the year 2000. It started with 7.17 million shares, which then increased to 7.57 million shares in the second quarter and third quarters. By the fourth quarter, the company had about 9.15 million shares. The growth rate of Dubai Financial Market followed the same pattern as more shares continued to be listed and more companies joined the market. Objectives and functions Every successful organization should have objectives that are well stipulated in a clear and precise manner. All the activities carried out within an organization must be in line with its objectives. Dubai Financial Market was forme d with the major aim of offering securities trading services.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Dubai Financial Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization aims at providing innovative services in the securities market. It aims at increasing the level of efficiency and effectiveness in the market, as well as enhancing transparency. Creating a liquid environment is another objective of the organization. The financial markets usually have a significant effect on the general economy of the country in which they are operated. A good performance in the financial market is an indicator of a well performing economy (Dubai Financial Market, 2013). On the other hand, if the financial market is performing poorly, then this will be an indicator of a poorly performing national economy. The leaders and managers of Dubai Financial Market are aware of the importance of security markets in an economy, thus they ensure maximum efficiency in the organization. Dubai Financial Market tries to enhance the utilization of the available resources to create an efficient marketplace for securities. The company attempts to utilize the resources as effectively and efficiently as possible (Dubai Financial Market, 2013). Efficiency can also be enhanced by ensuring that investors are well armed with relevant information that will facilitate their decision making. Investors need to make decisions that are well informed; otherwise, they might end up losing their fortunes. Dubai Financial Market ensures that investors have the right and sufficient information to help them in their decision making. In addition, the organization also tries to prevent investors from any form of unfair treatment or improper practices that might discourage them. In doing so, the Dubai Financial Market regulates all the activities that take place in the trading of securities. It ensures that the prices of securities are controlle d by the forces of demand and supply and not by individuals or entities. There is a possibility for individuals or entities that have large numbers of shares to control the market and become unfair to the rest of the investors. The Dubai Financial Market management ensures that this does not happen to ensure fairness and attract more investors. The company offers investment opportunities to potential investors, a function that is said to have a positive influence on the growth of the national economy. People can save through the financial market and trade securities where they make profits. Dubai Financial Market also makes arrangements for the purchase and sale of securities. In doing so, it ensures that the investors are treated in a fair manner. The market further facilitates transfer of securities from one owner to another. In doing so, it establishes a center where deposits transfer and settlements can be conducted. This is done in a system that is highly integrated to make the process speedy and accurate (Dubai Financial Market, 2013). It also ensures a high level of integrity among members and security brokers through establishment of a code of ethics. It provides training to its members to enhance integrity. The company has accredited brokers who help investors in conducting the securities trade.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some people who may not be aware of the processes and procedures followed in the market securities, thus they can get help from these brokers. Finally, Dubai Financial Market gathers any relevant data, as well as statistics regarding securities and prepares reports that are presented to its stakeholders. These reports are important in that they facilitate accurate and relevant decision making by the investors. Listing requirements The term listing refers to the shares of a company being traded on a stock exchange or others on the list of the shares to be traded. For the shares of a company to be listed, it has to apply for listing. However, there are some countries whereby the financial market or the stock exchanges can just list the shares of a company. For a company’s shares to be listed in the market without applying, the shares have to be traded through informal channels actively. The following are the requirements before listing on the Dubai Financial Market. T he company is required to give a brief description of its history and operations. The financial markets aim at listing companies that have a good performance to boost its chances of success. Investors will only want to buy shares of a company that have a healthy performance. Attracting more investors will increase the profitability of the Dubai Financial Market. It is for this reason that it only lists well performing companies. The company is expected to show its financial statements for the past few years prior to its application (Aljifri Hussainey, 2007). The financial statements are good indicators of a company’s performance. If the performance of the company is approved, it is then required to have a sufficient number of securities that are to be placed in the public. This is called a free float and should be possessed in absolute terms, as well as in the percentage of outstanding stock. The company should also be in possession of a prospectus. The prospectus should mee t all the requirements, including opinions given by independent assessors. The company should also be a public company. Once a company meets these general requirements, as well as any other special requirements as it may be required by the Dubai Financial Market, its application can be accepted and its shares start trading in the market. The company is expected to maintain its market value or its share turnover above a certain level that is regarded as critical. If the value falls below this level, then the company can be delisted. When the shares of a company have been delisted, it means that they will no longer be available in the stock exchange and investors will no longer be able to trade them. In most cases, a company whose shares qualify to be delisted is normally performing poorly and its profitability is worryingly low (Aljifri Hussainey, 2007). The company might be declared bankrupt as a result of the poor performance, or it might cease business operations. Investors are n o longer interested in buying such shares since they fear they might lose their money. The shares might also be delisted in an event that the company no longer meets the requirements and the rules of listing. It is important to note that people who trade in shares have a major objective of making profits from the business. Another reason why a company might be delisted from the Dubai Financial Market is when it converts to a private company through an acquisition or a merger. When the shares of a company have been delisted, they can be traded over the counter in some countries. It is worth noting that the fact that the shares of a company have been delisted does not necessarily mean that the company has changed its strategy. The growth of companies listed on DFM When a company’s shares have been listed on the stock exchange, its chances of growth usually increase because it gets funds to expand its operations. The company is able to fund its production through embracing techn ology and innovation, investors get the chance to trade its shares, and the chances of its products or services being preferred by customers are usually higher. A company whose shares are listed on a financial market usually has an added advantage over its competitors. It has a competitive advantage and it can perform better. One of the benefits that companies get from having their shares listed on the Dubai Financial Market is that they can be accessed by international investors. The Dubai Financial Market organizes events whereby international investors are targeted. This increases the diversity of these companies. The listed companies are placed on higher radar and their growth chances are highly boosted. The companies that have been listed on the Dubai Financial Market have this advantage and their growth rate is relatively higher compared to other companies (Aljifri Moustafa, 2007). The events organized by this organization in Dubai give the companies a chance whereby they sho wcase their opportunities for growth, as well as their strategies for the future. Their strategies can be boosted by the foreign investors whereby they can be given relevant information, funding, and other forms of support that would enable them to grow at a higher rate than their competitors. As mentioned earlier, the Dubai Financial Market offers innovative services to companies whose shares are listed on the market. The innovative services further facilitate the rate of growth of these companies. In general, it can be concluded that the companies that are listed on the Dubai Financial Market are at an advantage compared to those that are not listed in terms of growth. Listed companies have better chances of growing and expanding. They are strategically positioned to realize a much better performance currently and in the future. The information they get from the Dubai Financial Market reports facilitate their decision making. Consequently, they are able to make better decisions du e to availability of sufficient information (Aljifri Moustafa, 2007). Decision making is a very crucial activity in an organization. Wrong decisions will have a negative effect on the performance of the company and the growth rate will be retarded. The availability of information gives companies listed on the Dubai Financial Market a better chance to grow. Growth of trading in DFM DFM is one of the financial markets in the world that have had a consistent growth rate, despite the economic problems that hit most parts of the globe starting the year 2007. Most companies have had a poor performance since the recession started in the year 2007. C ompanies have recorded losses and their performance in their respective financial markets has been poor as well. The number of shares traded in the Dubai Financial Market has increased consistently since its establishment in the year 2000. Only 11 companies were listed on the Dubai Financial Market at the end of the first year of its operation s. Today, the company boasts of over 60 listed companies. This is an indicator of a very consistent and rapid growth. Termed as one of the United Arab Emirates leading financial markets, the DFM has recorded nothing but growth since its inception. In the year 2013, for instance, the value of shares being traded in the market increased by a whopping 82.9 per cent hitting a high level of Dh 38 billion from Dh 20.8 billion in the previous quarter. The share index further increased from 1829.2 points to 2222.6 points, representing a percentage increase of 21.5% (GulfBankers.com, 2013). The companies whose shares are listed on the DFM are at an advantage since the value of their shares is likely to increase. When a financial market performance is good and consistent, the chances of growth for companies whose shares are listed on the market are better. The companies are able to consistently get funds to finance their operations and expand. The companies are also positioned in a better pos ition to build their brand image and gain loyal customers. Brand image is very important for a company’s growth since it makes its marketing efforts easier and cheaper. A brand can even market itself and the marketing expenses are highly reduced. Less expenses means higher profit and more funds to re-invest or expand operations. This further increases the growth chances of an organization. Companies trading in the Dubai Financial Market have been able to grow because they take the advantage of the market’s consistency. Conclusion Financial markets have a very significant effect on the national economy of a country. They give an indication of how the companies in the country are performing. A country that has financial markets that are dynamic is able to achieve an accelerated growth rate. Financial markets help the economy in that they save mobilization. They obtain surplus money from the investors who could be individuals, companies, governments, as well as the public sector. They also facilitate industry growth, development of entrepreneurship, as well as the national growth. They avail the necessary financial resources to companies that are willing to expand their operations or capitalize on potential opportunities. In doing so, the financial markets enhance entrepreneurship. Dubai has had one of the financial markets that are among the best in the UAE region. The Dubai Financial Market has registered a steady growth since its establishment. DFM was able to survive the global economic recession that hit most parts of the globe starting the year 2007. The market has played a significant role in the growth and development of Dubai’s economy. The companies whose shares are listed in the market have benefited a lot from the market’s services and their performances have been highly boosted. It is important for the government of Dubai to continue supporting the Dubai Financial Market to continue accumulating the related benefits. Refer ences Aljifri, K., Hussainey, K. (2007). The determinants of forward-looking information in annual reports of UAE companies. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(9), 881 – 894. Aljifri, K., Moustafa, M. (2007). The impact of corporate governance mechanisms on the performance of UAE firms: an empirical analysis. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 23(2), 71–93. Dubai Financial Market, (2013). Background. Retrieved from https://www.dfm.ae/ GulfBankers.com. (2013). DFM posts solid Q2 trading volumes growth. Web. Gulfnews.com, (2001). Dubai Financial Market marks three quarters of growth. Retrieved from https://gulfnews.com/

History and Evolution of Composite Materials

History and Evolution of Composite Materials When two or more different materials are combined, the result is a composite. The first uses of composites date back to the 1500 B.C. when early Egyptians and Mesopotamian settlers used a mixture of mud and straw to create strong and durable buildings. Straw continued to provide reinforcement to ancient composite products including pottery and boats. Later, in 1200 AD, the Mongols invented the first composite bow. Using a combination of wood, bone, and â€Å"animal glue,† bows were pressed and wrapped with birch bark. These bows were powerful and accurate. Composite Mongolian bows helped to ensure Genghis Khans military dominance.   Birth of the â€Å"Plastics Era† The modern era of composites began when scientists developed plastics. Until then, natural resins derived from plants and animals were the only source of glues and binders. In the early 1900s, plastics such as vinyl, polystyrene, phenolic, and polyester were developed. These new synthetic materials outperformed single resins derived from nature. However, plastics alone could not provide enough strength for some structural applications. Reinforcement was needed to provide additional strength and rigidity. In 1935, Owens Corning introduced the first glass fiber, fiberglass. Fiberglass, when combined with a plastic polymer created an incredibly strong structure that is also lightweight. This is the beginning of the Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) industry. WWII – Driving Early Composites Innovation Many of the greatest advancements in composites were the result of wartime needs. Just as the Mongols developed the composite bow, World War II brought the FRP industry from the laboratory into actual production. Alternative materials were needed for lightweight applications in military aircraft. Engineers soon realized other benefits of composites beyond being lightweight and strong. It was discovered, for example, that fiberglass composites were transparent to radio frequencies, and the material was soon adapted for use in sheltering electronic radar equipment (Radomes). Adapting Composites: â€Å"Space Age† to â€Å"Everyday† By the end of the WWII, a small niche composites industry was in full swing. With lower demand for military products, the few composites innovators were now ambitiously trying to introduce composites into other markets. Boats were one  obvious product that benefited. The first composite commercial boat hull was introduced in 1946. At this time Brandt Goldsworthy often referred to as the â€Å"grandfather of composites,† developed many new manufacturing processes and products, including the first fiberglass surfboard, which revolutionized the sport. Goldsworthy also invented a manufacturing process known as pultrusion, a process that allows dependably strong fiberglass reinforced products. Today, products manufactured from this process include ladder rails, tool handles, pipes, arrow shafts, armor, train floors, and medical devices. Continued Advancement in Composites In the 1970s the composites industry began to mature. Better plastic resins and improved reinforcing fibers were developed. DuPont developed an aramid fiber known as Kevlar, which has become the product of choice in body armor due to its high tensile strength, high density, and lightweight. Carbon fiber was also developed around this time; increasingly, it has replaced parts formerly made of steel. The composites industry is still evolving, with much of the growth now focused around renewable energy. Wind turbine blades, especially,  are constantly pushing the limits on size and require advanced composite materials.   Looking Forward Composite materials research continues. Areas of particular interest are nanomaterials - materials with extremely small molecular structures - and bio-based polymers.

Discussion Questions #3 and #4 Personal Statement

Discussion Questions #3 and #4 - Personal Statement Example This has become an accepted economic activity in some countries bringing about a heated debate in some areas as to whether it is moral or not. Aesthetics are not left behind. The dressing codes of people are aimed at attracting the attention of others. In some areas, some clothes are not acceptable especially by females as they are seen to expose them naked hence entice the male counterparts to desire them sexually. This is seen as dangerous to the society because of several sexually transmitted diseases that can potentially claim lives of people thereby drastically reducing human population (White, 2004, p. 116). Zero population growth refers to the situation where there is no growth in human population. It technically occurs when the number of babies born is equal to the number of people dying. It could be reasonable for the world’s global growth since it makes it possible to predict and plan effectively for both the current and future populations. However, it is not attainable since there are different policies in different countries regarding issues of

OLS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

OLS - Case Study Example According to Carrel et al (1995), organisations should always consider ethics and values since they are primarily concerned with upholding the principles of honesty and truthfulness in the company’s endeavour to satisfy the needs of the customers. Ethics are very important because strategic operations in an organisation that are premised on lies are bound to fail as they would be doubtful in the eyes of the potential customers. 2) Leadership can be defined as the ability by an individual to influence the other people in an organisation to follow a course of action that is specifically designed to achieve the goals of the organisation. Leadership is primarily involved in the attainment of the vision of the organisation. Leadership in an organisation is very important since it focuses on the attainment of organisational goals. 3) A service can be defined as an offering that is intangible but able to satisfy the needs of the consumers. A service is exchanged for something valuable such as money or any other kind of payment. This definition is very important in the understanding of decision making since it affects the quality of services offered by an organisation as well as the general service delivery 4) Character can be defined as the personal attributes that form and shape the behaviour of an individual person. Whilst character is something that is in born, it can as well be noted that it can as well be influenced by external forces. This definition is very important in the knowledge of decision making as it is enlightening about how an individual person can conduct himself. a) Prejudicial employment practices posit to the effect that organisations should not discriminate the other employees on the basis of race, gender, age, physical ability as well as religion among others (Carrel et al 1995). The most

The human resources of a business Essay Example for Free

The human resources of a business Essay The human resources of a business must be run correctly for the business to be able to achieve its objectives. There are fair main areas of human resources management: planning, recruitment and selection training and development and performance management. To understand how these areas work and the role they hold within the business structure I have decided to research into the human resources within J.D Wetherspoon. I am going to look into their recruitment and selection section in detail. J.D Wetherspoon is a chain of public houses. The first one opened in 1979 by a 24 year old law student called Tim Martin. He opened his first pub in north London, which he named Wetherspoons, after he of his former school teacher. Tim wanted to run his pub differently from regular pubs, he offered a good range of beers, a music free environment, non- smoking area and all day food. According to Tim the pub was run very badly, in spite of his hard work. Although he was struggling he want to expand so in 1980 he obtained planning permission and a pub licence to convert a car showroom into a pub. From here on his success grew. He made his first in 1983 of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½188,000! In 1996 Wetherspoons launched its first pub in Scotland. The Scots didnt enjoy Wetherspoons as they hated the lack of music and poor choice of beers and ales. Tim was aware of the change in tastes around the country so quickly changed so it would satisfy the Scots requirements. In 1998 Wetherspoon decided to open their first hotel in Shrewsbury. Two more have opened since then. By 2001 there were 500 Wetherspoons pubs around the UK, and 100 more opened in 2002. They have now announced plans to open another hundred pubs including pubs in Bath, Burnham, and Solihull; this would create 3,000 more jobs. J.D Wetherspoons has 11,200 either full or part-time employees, of which 220 are at the head office in Watford. Human Resources Management In recent years we have seen a transformation in the way companies started dealing with the people who were their employees. Instead of seeking to get the best out of people just for the sake of the business, e.g. to help the company achieve its objectives. The human resources method is a radical change; they are able to achieve the companys objectives by supporting each employee to for fill their own personal needs. A second change in people management was in the 1990s when management began to release that it should not just be the personnel department of a business that deals with people work. Instead managers should be those that are responsible for recruitment, appraisal, selection and training of employees. A third change in people management was that HRM was given a great deal more status in the organisation. Instead of being something carried on at lower levels of the organisation, HRM is now recognised as a key strategic area of the organisation. Many organisations have moved away from personnel management t the new human resources management. Human resource planning Human resources involve recruiting the right people who then met the goals set by the company. In order for these goals to be met successfully, this process should be run productively, insuring the right people for the job are hired and their skills are used correctly. Any problem would need to be identified and solved quickly and accurately. The way this works can be shown though supply and demand. The demand side The demand for labour will depend on plan on plans of the organisation for the future. J.D Wetherspoon is an organisation that continues to grow rapidly, planning to open another hundred public houses around the UK bringing them to a total of 700. When plans such as this are to take place, it is needed to recruit a great many more employees. A demand forecast needs to be made. One way to do this with the use of work studies. Work-study knows how long various jobs take and can calculate the number of employees needed and the hours they will need to work. This technique is used mainly within manufacturing companies who will need to produce a set amount of products in a given amount of time. J.D Wetherspoons would use a different techniques; management estimates. This involves looking at past employment records and estimating how many staff would be needed in future plans. The amount of staff would depend on many factors: * Size of the establishment * Amount of customers expected * Location * Number of hours worked The forecast would also need to include how many people would need to be employed at each stage of the hierarchy. Current employees through promotions or placements would fill the majority of managerial jobs. J.D Wetherspoons has estimated that their 100 pubs would create an extra 3,000 jobs. The supply side The supply of employees can come from two different places: with the business, internally or externally. Taking employees from internal sources has befits, employees already know and understand how the business runs and operates and where it is heading. There is usually development needed in the employee, so it is important that the right person is chosen to keep costs down. All the pubs within J.D Wetherspoons chain are run in the same way. This means that a member of staff has been trained they would have the right skills to work in any Wetherspoons. Or if for any reason they needed to be transferred from one pub to another, no extra training would be needed. Bar and kitchen staff in J.D Wetherspoons need to hold certain skills e.g. politeness and respect. Thoughs sort of skills are expected of staff through-out the Wetherspoons chain, man skills such as these are seen as part of a persons personality in a sense. Most of the people who work within J.D Wetherspoons are temporary, part-time employees. Students often work in such pubs to earn some extra cash; they dont see it as a career and they are unlikely to work there for long. The type of skills that they have gained while working at Wetherspoons would make them an internal asset but also an external asset to other, rival establishments. It is important for all organisations to understand why an individual wants to work for them. This way they can be trained to the appropriate level and the business can plan ahead. All employers need to know; how many people work for them at each level, how long they plan to stay in the job, their aspirations for the job and their age. This way there can always be employees who have worked there for a while and understand how the business works. If there were too many older people in employment they would all reach retirement at the same time, leaving big gaps in the structure. Younger people tend to only have jobs as a way to gain money whilst studying. Because younger people dont stay in a job for long they damage the amount of promotions that can occur. J.D Wetherspoon has to get their staff turnover right, if too many people are leaving it will cost the company more in recruiting and training. These costs are unnecessary and can be avoided if the right people are employed to star t of with. There are two ways to measure labour turn over: Employee wastage rate It is possible to calculate the number of staff leaving a business as a percentage of those who could have left. To find the wastage rate the number of staff leaving in a time period is divided by the average number of staff employed in time period and that is then multiplied by 100 to equal a percentage. This simple equation shows this: Wastage rate = number of staff leaving in a time period x 100 Average number of staff employed in time period For example, if Wetherspoons employed 100 people but found that 25 left during the year the wastage rate would be: 25 x 100 = 25% 100 This would then help them to predict future wastage rates. They are planning to recruit 3,000 people in the next year and would expect a waste rate of 25% according to this example, meaning that 750 people would leave. This is a large figure so HMR would have to look into of they are employing the right people as recruiting more people is wasting time and money. Labour stability rate This looks at those who have left after working there for some time. The stability rate is measured by dividing the amount of people who have left with more than one years service by the number employed one year ago. Then multiplying this by 100 to make a percentage. Stability index = number of staff leaving with more than one years service x 100 Number employed one year ago This method helps businesses to understand and predict what will happen within their own workforce. It also enables an organisation to make the most of the skill and potential already present within the organisation. For example if Wetherspoons had 88 employees who had been with the company for over one year and during the year 22 employees left, the labour stability index would be: 22 x100 = 25% 88 The external labour market The external labour market is more of an irregular environment. It is made up of potential employees, locally, regionally or nationally; whom have the skills and experience required at a particular time. J.D Wetherspoons is located all over the UK, both national and local labour markets are important. There are a range of factors that effect the size and nature of these labour markets such as: Trends in the size/characteristics of the working population The UK has an ageing population. There are fewer school leavers and young workers available for employment. Businesses therefore may need to employee older people to meet their human resource requirements. Competition for labour When there is a demand for employees with certain skills, companies will be at competition with other firms who are looking for the same skills. For example ten years ago everyone wanted to employee those with I.T skills. The overall level economic activity The demand for goods and services in the economy and hence, for employed is determined by whether the economy is at a boom or recession. In a period of boom generally people will have more money to spend and therefore the demand for goods and services will rise. This therefore would lead to company increasing output and the demand for labour will also increase. Education and training opportunities Over recent years many people have decided to either continue into higher education or return to it. This has put a strain on many businesses as it has limited the amount of people that are available to work full time for tem. For J.D Wetherspoons it can be viewed as an advantage. There are more people willing to work part-time in an easy, uncomplicated environment that allows flexible hours. Plus there are also more people who have completed degrees and gained higher qualifications allowing them to enter the hierarchy at a managerial level, this would cut down on costs of training managers. The effect of government policies The government tries to entice employers to train people by reducing the cost of labour and increasing the proposal of HRM. They have introduced new qualifications, NVQs and AVCEs as an attempt of increasing the quantity of those who hold the right skills for the real world. They have also planned ahead in preparing school children for the world of work by changing the curriculum, stressing an importance on numeracy, literacy and ICT. On this graph the S1 represents the current labour supply situation, in a few years when al of those in education have left the supply of labour will be greater, represented by S2. As the supply is greater the demand (D) will be less and employers will be able to lower salaries, reducing costs. Salaries have to be monitored to check people are being fairly treated. The government may decide to increase the minimum wage. If the minimum amount a person can earn increases the supply will decrease, as many employees. The green line shows this and how the demand for labour would rise. Wage Level S1 S2 D Quantity of Labour Labour markets For all businesses they must also identify and understand the characteristics of their local employment market. Information can be gained from local employment offices or job agencies. I found these examples on the Internet. This first one is average gross weekly pay, by area this is useful to Wetherspoons as it gives them actual government statistics of how much the average wage is in certain areas. It splits it into different areas because the pay is obviously not the same throughout the country. For example London has the highest paid people mainly because it is so expensive to live in London. This graph doesnt look at London, as it is only pacific for the Southwest region. For Wetherspoons to look at this before setting a wage is useful as it will set out an average wage so they dont set theirs far too high or far too low. This would attract either too many people to apply for a certain job or no one would apply. Under the average gross weekly pay by area, is the average gross weekly pay by occupation. This is also very useful as Wetherspoons can look at this and cross-reference it with the pay by area to see how much they should be paying their employees. As you can see the information from this could come in very useful to a business such as Wetherspoons when having to recruit new employees. As they would need to know the wage rates and income level of the area in which their pub or hotel is located, this will then allow them to set the right salary and attract the type of people they want. By observing local unemployment levels companies are able to judge whether it would easy or not to employ enough people in new businesses. This is something J.D Whetherspoons would have to consider when planning the new pubs they want to open. Local employment trends can radically change in a short space of time. Large companies may be forced to close or make large numbers of employees redundant, creating huge unemployment figures, a benefit to many others. I was able to gather some secondary information from labour market review, which covered the whole of the UK but also highlighted the Southwest area. This means that if Wetherspoons was to use this information to see how employment patterns and average wages were different throughout the country. This data can greatly the recruitment process. Within all local areas there will be times when a new skill is needed in the workplace and the demand for these skills will rapidly grow, faster than the supply. This can produce many problems and companies would be forced to raise wages in an attempt to beat competitors in recruiting those that have the same scarce skill. When shortages like this appear employers often start to recruit those from further a field, nationally and sometimes internationally. Without this valuable data the J.D Wetherspoons chain could find themselves falling behind the rest of the market. This data can be used to identify if their business is operating at the same level as the rest of the country. If this is not taken into account then they could find themselves loosing employees through poor wages or even not looking for the right employees in the right areas. For HRM to be efficient a business must have the right amount of employees performing the right jobs at the right time. Therefore it is important that employers and the HRM team know if an employee is not at work and their reason why. A notified absence is when the employee knows in advance that they will not be able to attend work and inform their superior. If the employer were ill they would be entitled to any sickness benefit a doctors note would be requested. Unauthorised absence are those that need to be monitored closely. When an employee simply doesnt show for their shift it lets the team down and can leave others in the lurch, plus the business would be less able to run efficiently. An accident rate is determined by the amount of accidents that have happened in the work place. All businesses have to have the equivalent of a health and safety committee. It is their job to * Investigate and report on all accidents * Construct safety rules * Oversee health and safety training * Uphold connections with health and safety bodies * Keep up to date with the relevant national statistics and reports * Recommend any updates the company may need * Advise on any approaching legislation and relevant publicity campaigns Human resources planning help to maintain a steady flow of new people into the organisation to cover any that maybe leaving. Planning also helps to organise training programmes so each member of staff has the right skills to for fill their specific job requirements. The level of skills in any organisation should rise each year effectively making the business as a whole consistently develops.

Lessons Learned :: essays research papers

Several lessons have been learned through the beginning of the senior design project. We have learned team building lessons, including team interaction, organization and team roles, through many trial and error situations. Issues of project management also have taught me very important lessons that will help me in the real world when I must deal with administrative authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a team, we have never set specific roles for each team member, but rather naturally feel into our own roles. I, personally, have become a sort of optimist or gate keeper. I try to make sure everyone feels their opinion is heard and that everyone gets equal say in the design. I also watch to make sure that no one feels their toes are being stepped on by watching people’s mannerisms during the meetings. I also have become somewhat of a meeting coordinator, in the sense that I contact all team members to find a time and location to meet that fits everyone’s schedule. Our method of each team member taking the role that suits their personality best has come naturally, but I think there would also be some benefit in changing the roles so that each member can prepare for real world situations. When in the working world, I may be asked to lead a team, which is a role that is very unnaturally and unlike my personality, but the experience of learning to lea d in a group like this would greatly benefit me when I have to lead in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This project involves several aspects that really interest me. I plan on going into radiology, so learning about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from an engineering perspective is very interesting. I also enjoy applying what we have learned about tissue mechanics from Dr. Criscione and Dr. Humphrey into building an actual device. However, I do not like the added challenges of building such device inside a MRI. The space we have to put the device and the requirements of non-magnetic material have made the design process more intense that I expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have also learned that I need a specific project completely outlined by a project manager to be most effective. Dr. Wright is an excellent project manager, but he has given a lot of the design requirement and specification decisions to our team. This leaves the limits of our design open-ended; therefore any design in my mind still seems incomplete because we could always add another aspect to the tissue conditioning.

Mcmurphy a christ figure Essay

Bromden and McMurphy are led to the electroshock room after they stood up for George, a fellow ward inhabitant, and assaulted the employees. As they anticipate the electroshock therapy, Bromden is nervous and afraid. However, McMurphy strangely expresses optimism despite the grave situation. The passage in which McMurphy gets prepared for the treatment clearly alludes to a martyr, specifically Jesus Christ. McMurphy even refers to himself as a Christ figure when he asks, â€Å"Do I get a crown of thorns?† McMurphy sacrifices himself for his friends in the wards. He gives up his own mind and life for Bromden, George, Billy, and the others so that they could have hope, a daring light breaking the austere darkness. Also, like Christ, McMurphy accepts his sacrifice with some sort of willingness, obligation, and tried optimism. Though McMurphy may not have been as polite as Christ would have (â€Å"Hooee, those Chinese Commies could have learned a few things from you, lady,† from McMurphy to Nurse Ratched), he admits his treatment somewhat graciously and definitely intrepidly. He sings and â€Å"makes their (employees’) hands shake,† certainly intimidating the workers, which is true of Jesus when his responses and reactions intimidate his executor, Pilate. Kesey presents McMurphy as a strong figure but still vulnerable to pain as the reader can observe after he receives multiple shock therapies. He endures them as optimistically as he can, but Bromden can see that they weary him, just like how the lashing wearied Christ. Most people know the history of Jesus Christ, so the reader can foretell the ending of the story using the apparent allusions in the passage. In conclusion, the story forebodes McMurphy’s inevitable and important death, similar to that of Christ’s. His sac rifice essentially breaks limits within the ward, and in the bigger picture, within society as well.

A Critical Review of Infant Artificial Language Learning Essay

They also give evidence which comes from experiments showing that newborns discriminate a passage read aloud by their mothers during the last six weeks of pregnancy from an unfamiliar one. Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken’s observation about this phenomenon is very helpful especially for those who are learning about the mystery of how children acquire their language and it is only how but also since when children especially infant acquire the language and it can be answered by Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken which stated that there’s a probability infants learn and acquire language since in the utero. Summary How children acquire language is one of the mysteries of human cognition. There is a view about thirty years ago states that children master language by means of a language-specific learning device but in earlier proposal states that children make use of domain-general, associative learning mechanisms. Language acquisition is one of the most complex learning tasks imaginable. The complexity of natural language makes it exceedingly difficult to isolate factors responsible for language learning. Infant language researchers have begun by examining four aspects of the language learner’s task. The first involves identification of word-like units in speech. The second involves encoding and remembering the order in which words occur in sentences. The third involves generalization of grammatical relations. The last involves learning at the more abstract level of syntactic categories (e. . determiner, adjective, noun and verb). This fourth sensitivity is at the root of our unique human ability to produce and comprehend novel utterances. First implication of the research on infant artificial language learning concerns artificial-language-learning studies discussed have examined infants’ sensitivity to linguistic form in the absence of semantic content. This is not to say that learners do not ultimately need to map the syntactic forms they encode durin g infancy onto meaning. Obviously they do. However, the fact is infants are able to acquire certain aspects of form prior to acquiring the meaning of these forms changes the nature of the language acquisition problem in a fundamental way. A second implication of the research on infant artificial language learning concerns the specificity of the constraints on the learner. On many accounts, these constraints have been construed as being language specific, such that for every aspect of language to be acquired, the child is born with a specific constraint. Data showing that infants can use transitional probabilities to segment grammatical tone sequences contrasts with this view. A third implication of both the infant artificial-language learning studies reviewed here and many studies of infant language perception preceding them concerns the relevance of children’s early utterances as evidence for theories of language acquisition. One of the key observations of linguistic natives involves errors that children do not make. Children never erroneously transform a statement like ‘The man who is tall is Sam’ into a question like ‘Is the man who tall is Sam? The lack of such errors, along with logical arguments concerning the poverty of the stimulus, have been taken as evidence that children never consider rules based solely on linear order in sentences. it is equally important to note that if the studies of infants’ early linguistic abilities tell us anything, it is that they have become sensitive to many asp ects of linguistic form a year or more before they ever begin to produce multiword speech. This is not to say that all of language is acquired by the age of 12 months. However, if infant language-perception studies have one theme, it is in demonstrating the extremely complex relationship between aspects of their native language infants. Thus, we must exercise caution in interpreting children’s early utterances as evidence for or against the linguistic representations they do and do not entertain. Critical Evaluation Infant Artificial Language Learning and Language Acquisition by Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken are based on the observation which they already held and also from the later observation from other experts. The main focus in this journal is about the artificial language of infant, here Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken made such a grammar for infant to determine whether infants could learn ‘grammatical’ word order, Gomez and Gerken exposed 12-month-olds to a subset of strings produced by one of two grammars. However, this journal focuses not only how children especially infant acquire language but also since when infant acquire the language itself. Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken also give evidences which make their observation stronger. The explanation given is also complete and simple. Conclusion Infant Artificial Language Learning and Language Acquisition by Rebecca L. Gomez and Louann Gerken is a journal that expose about infant artificial language. They explain how infant acquire language from their own observation and they also made a grammar special for infant in order to complete their observation but besides that, they also take some observation which also already been discovered. This journal is worthy to read especially for the linguists who try to reveal and find out one of the mysteries in human cognition which is how children acquire language.

Importance of Accountability in Health care Essay Example

Importance of Accountability in Health care Essay Example Importance of Accountability in Health care Paper Importance of Accountability in Health care Paper The accountability concept in health care industry includes three essential components namely the loci of accountability, its domains and procedures. Additionally, the loci of accountability in the health care industry may consist of different parties which may be held responsible or hold others responsible. In the accountability domains, parties may also be held answerable for various activities like capability, ethical and legal conduct, financial feat, community benefit, promotion of public health and access adequacy (Emanuel Emanuel, 1996, pp. 229-239). Accountability procedures entail both formal and informal procedures geared towards assessing compliance and distribution of the compliance and reaction by the parties in charge of accountability. Therefore accountability in health care entails individuals responsible for various activities and who answer or justify for their actions based on specific questions of interest that may be raised by concerned parties (Emanuel Emanuel, 1996, pp. 229-239). Accountability: is it important? Accountability ensures a high quality health care which is readily available at an affordable cost and without long waits. Many individual patients as a result will also feel that their health care needs are met despite the patients’ socio economic status. Moreover, other services like cross discipline coordination, proactive management, risk management, long term quality care and preventive care may also be improved on as a result of accountability (American College of Physicians, 2008, pp. 55-75). Additionally, accountability is important in an organization as it equips a health organization with personal and professional resources which can be used to respond to internal and external needs. Subsequently, this helps in ensuring mutual support and promotes growth and learning of staff members. With a good management in place, a good working environment and is enhanced and which leads to satisfaction of patients as well as staff members. Attention to security is enhanced as well as ensuring well management of predictable risk and crisis within the health care organization (Grandi Rubinelli, pp. 1-8). Measuring employee accountability in the health care industry Measurement of employee accountability and performance has become gradually popular in the health care system as a result of the gradual expansion in the health care industry. As a result, employee performance is in most cases measured is assessed and reported publicly. This performance can be measured by use of hospital plan report cards as well as employee profiles where a consistent set of performance measures are used for guidance in the evaluation and measuring process (Ullman Spoeri, 1997, pp. 726-732). Additionally, employee accountability can also be measured through conducting a member satisfaction survey where satisfaction ratings may be used to ensure objectivity and comparability of the performance. What is more, accountability may also be done by enforcing professional standards through consultations, case reviews, hospital privileges reviews among others (Ullman Spoeri, 1997, pp. 726-732). As well, employee answerability may also be measured through pay for performance and which will target the performance, quality, efficiency and patient satisfaction (Rowe, 2006, pp. 695-696). Checks and balance process in a successful organization In a successful organization, a checks and balance process first eliminates all the unnecessary middlemen in the healthcare delivery line such that the healthcare services are maintained at low rates while the patient-physician relationship is also maintained. This implies that in a successful organization, the regulations laid down by the government agencies as well as insurance companies are usually reviewed and streamlined. What is more, a checks and balances system in a successful organization regulates its own activities exclusively with minimal intrusion from government agencies and without facilitation from insurance companies (Bolte, 2008). How accountability affects an organization’s working culture Accountability tends to affect the working culture of an organization by promoting humanity, the principles of dignity, promoting a good corporate image and creating awareness of a staff member doing his work. Moreover, accountability affects relations of all individuals within the organization by ensuring that they work as a team where other factors like mutual support, growth and learning is also enhanced. As a result of enhanced relations, a good working environment is promoted which leads to an enjoyment in give-and-take relationships within staff to staff and staff to community (Grandi Rubinelli, 2008, pp. 1-8). Maintaining a positive working culture and avoid a working culture of blame A working culture involves a specific way of life during a work day by following certain norms and standards of a company. A positive working culture can be maintained by acknowledging people’s accomplishments through rewards, tolerance for risk and change, ensuring that all individuals operate within their areas of responsibility in an organization. A positive working culture may also be maintained through emotional support of the staff, through mutual accountability, interpersonal communication and sociability and open opportunities for growth to all staff members (Evan Carmichael, 2008). A working culture of blame can be avoided by examining ones vulnerability to blame which subsequently helps in analyzing the areas of blame that may lead to a rise in predictable crises. Blame occurs where management is negligent or uncaring. Despite being at fault, one needs to be ready to diffuse and minimize their potential of blame as the blame may have devastating consequences to the company. Blame can also be avoided by doing the right thing and handling crisis management well (Blythe, 2003).

How to Make Radioactive-Looking Slime

How to Make Radioactive-Looking Slime The slime you might find in a real Mad Scientists lab would probably be the result of some horrible genetic mutation. You can make slime that looks radioactive and toxic, yet is actually easy to make and safe. Heres how you do it. Slime Materials 4-oz bottle school glue gelboraxwaterfood coloring Prepare the Slime Solutions You make slime by mixing together a borax solution and a glue solution. Prepare these solutions first and then use just the amount you need to make perfect slime. Borax Solution Take about a half cup of hot water and stir in borax until it stops dissolving. The solution may be a little cloudy. That is fine. You will use the liquid part for making slime, not the gritty stuff at the bottom of the container. Glue Solution The trick to making translucent extra-slimy slime is using the right glue. You can use white glue, but the slime will be opaque. If you want clear jelly-like slime, use the glue gel. It is usually pale blue, but a little food coloring can turn it any color. Stir 4-oz of glue into 1 cup of water.Add a couple of drops of food coloring. The radioactive chemistry green-yellow color is obtained by adding 2 drops of yellow or 2 drops yellow and 1 drop of green coloring, depending on how green you want the slime. Make Slime Just mix together 1/3 cup of the borax solution and 1 cup of the glue solution. If you are making bigger batches of slime, just use 1 part borax solution and three parts glue solution. It is fine to use your hands. I posted a video so you can see what to expect. Make it Glow You can make the slime glow very brightly under a black light if you break open a yellow highlighter, remove the stick containing the ink, and let it bleed into the water you use to make the slime. Wear gloves when breaking the highlighter pen unless you want highlighted fingers. Also, avoid getting any fluorescent slime on furniture or any other surface that might be stained by the ink. Store Your Slime When you arent using your slime, keep it in a sealed plastic bag so that it wont dry out. It will stay moist and disgusting for a couple of weeks if you store the bag in the refrigerator. How Slime Works When you mix the glue and the borax a chemical change occurs in the polymer in the glue, polyvinyl acetate. Cross-linking bonds are formed, making the glue stick to you less and to itself more. You can experiment with the amount of glue, water, and borax that you use to make the slime more fluid or stiffer. The molecules in the polymer are not fixed in place, so you can stretch the slime.

Infrastructure Vulnerability Analysis and Network Architectures Essay

Infrastructure Vulnerability Analysis and Network Architectures - Essay Example Refinery and storage stages are more vulnerable than at other supply chain components because of faults in the control systems security. It is a phenomenon often enforced by vulnerability analysis in a security framework of processes that include conveyor belts and other industrial networks. Consequently, the improvement of a computer system means all the vulnerabilities that form the infrastructure of refinery and storage phases become strong and less susceptible to attacks. Finding a solution to the Energy Vulnerability Analysis is another critical step of protection the machinery that guides the SCADA structure (Ramalingam, 2004). On the other hand, at the supply chain level, the gas processing plant uses a critical infrastructure of valuable resources and other quantifiable values of cataloguing assets. The risks surrounding the vulnerability assessment, therefore, denote the capacity to defend mitigation and other potential threats. Assessment of the methodologies, thus, forms a security design that is also fundamental when using application servers through penetration mitigation. Overall, the procedure has an impact on denial of service attacks that often has serious ramifications at the refinery and storage stages. Information Technology-Information Sharing and Analysis Centre (IT-ISAC) as an organization established in 2000 helps in boosting IT infrastructure to avoid vulnerabilities. The vulnerabilities are tied to cyber information particularly in analysis and sharing of energy aspects to implement protection modules within a supply chain. Contrastingly, the prevention of cyber threats begins by conducting coordination and analysis activities that embody sharing issues because of a specialized forum that manages risks as seen when dealing with computer products. Consequently, the role of IT when analysed from a SCADA structure assists in

My father is a serious person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My father is a serious person - Essay Example Growing up, we only saw our father during the holidays. Even then, mother had to force us to pack up; as we barely knew him, it was always awkward during the first days of the holidays. However, though there was this need to connect with him at an emotional level, the time never seemed right. My father had always been a prim proper man who always seemed too busy on the phone, talking up a client or trying to close a deal. He barely had enough to time to sit and enjoy a meal. Learning to ride a bicycle, I only rode with my uncle. I am told that my father was right there throughout the learning period. I do not remember it. When I broke my collar bone back in elementary school, all I remember was seating at the back of the car and my mother’s worried face as we drove to the hospital. I do not recall who the driver was though it was him behind the wheel. In my recollections of the past, I can barely recall interacting with my father. All are but stories I had tried to no avail to combine to form a picture. Dentist appointments, first day at school, graduation ceremonies, birthday parties – he was always there. He never missed any of them. This is no longer the case now, and we are now inseparable. Like there was never a gap in our relationship. A life threaten ing experience can really change how people relate. Twelve years ago I was taken ill with a very funny ailment. My whole body was itchy and I could not stop scratching myself against anything in site. On seeing a doctor, we discovered that my kidney had been failing and had been getting treatment for the symptoms during hospital visits. This came as a shock to the family, considering I had to be put on dialysis as soon as possible and a drastic change in dietary needs. It was thought that I needed a kidney transplant, and being on a waiting list could take years before I get a donor. Either way I was evaluated for insurance purposes and my name

Introduction to Mass Communications (MEDC1010) Essay

Introduction to Mass Communications (MEDC1010) - Essay Example The author will first define power and discuss briefly the two forms of power, hard and soft. Following this, the author will give an overview of the CNN Effect and discuss how the first noted example of the Effect, the Somalia civil war and subsequently, the UN and US joint peacekeeping mission into the failed state, literally changed the face of the media landscape. The CNN Effect turned news in specific, and media, in general, from a delayed broadcast of current events in which the typical viewer was simply an observer; to instantaneous or almost real-time broadcasts, bringing the world into one's own living room, and essentially making the individual feel a part of a greater global community (Hess, S., Kalb, M., Eagleberger, L., Woodruff, J., & Livingstone, S., 2002). Power, by definition, is "the factors that enable one actor to manipulate another actor's behavior against its preferences."(Kegley, C., 2009) Specifically, there are two forms of power that are wielded in order to manipulate the other actor, hard power and soft power. Hard power, simply stated, is the coercion by tangible means of actor B by actor A. Examples of hard power can be seen in military action or coercive diplomacy. Following the end of the Cold War, however, a new form of power became increasingly utilized in order to coerce the other player. Soft power. Due to the changing nature of international politics, intangible forms of power, or 'Soft Power' has gained increasing importance (Nye, J.1990). As media outlets began to relate news in real time, beginning with the US invasion of Iraq in 1991, in which journalists were embedded amongst combat military units, literally bringing the war live to the American public, the armchair, typically uninvolved citizen becomes engaged in issues that previous to this period simply did not exist. The face of the media world was forever changed. The CNN Effect: Somalia The classic example of the power of the media is the CNN Effect. In the early 1 990's media became more global and what was known as the CNN effect became a powerful force to be reckoned with. The CNN effect "was first noted when heartbreaking footage of starving children in Somalia pressured U.S. officials to send troops there." (Hess, S., Kalb, M., Eagleberger, L., Woodruff, J., & Livingstone, S., 2002) Media itself became an instigator for the enactment of policy and action. Before the phenomenon of the CNN effect, though many atrocities had occurred worldwide and had been occurring for as long as humans have wielded weapons, the general public scope of awareness did not connect to the distant occurrences, so far from the comfort of their homes. Once the general public began to learn, through the media, about different atrocities, which began with, but was not limited to the civil war taking place in Somalia, pressure was put on the home governments to take action in order to alleviate the situation (in contrast to the clean, almost poetic, surgical airstrik es aired from the invasion of Iraq). In the case of Somalia, the CNN effect not only led to the peacekeeping mission in Somalia, but also to the subsequent early cessation of the mission. After 18 United States soldiers were killed, and the media broadcasted, "horrifying footage of Somalis dragging the body of a

Methods And Mechanism Used To Protect Business Interests Commerce Essay

Methods And Mechanism Used To Protect Business Interests Commerce Essay According to investopedia, government actions and policies that restrict or restrain international trade, often done with the intent of protecting local businesses and jobs from foreign competition. Typical methods of protectionism are import tariffs, quotas, subsidies or tax cuts to local businesses and direct state intervention. Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies (source: Wikipedia). Protectionism, policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on imports of foreign competitors. (source: Britannica Encyclopedia) PROTECTION OF LOCAL INDUSTRIES Why do nations impede free trade when the inhibition is irrational? One reason why governments interfere with free marketing is to protect local industries, often at the expense of local consumers as well as consumers worldwide. Regulations are created to keep out or hamper the entry of foreign-made products. Arguments for the protection of local industries usually take one of the following forms: Keeping money at home Reducing unemployment Equalizing cost and price Enhancing national security Protecting infant industry Keeping Money at Home Trade unions and protectionists often argue that international trade will lead to an outflow of money, making foreigners richer and local people poorer. This argument is based on fallacy of regarding money as the sole indicators of wealth. Other assets, even products, can also be indicators of wealth. Also, this protectionist argument assumes that foreigners receive money without having to give something of value in return. Whether local consumers buy locally made products or foreign products, they will have to spend money to pay for such products. Reducing Unemployment It is a standard practice for trade unions and politicians to attack imports and international trade in name of job protection. The argument is based on the assumption that import reduction will create more demand for local products and subsequently create more jobs. Equalizing Cost and Price Some protectionists attempt to justify their actions by invoking economic theory. They argue that foreign goods have lower prices because of lower production costs. Therefore, trade barriers are needed to make prices of imported products less competitive and local items more competitive. Enhancing National Security Protectionists often present themselves as patriots. They usually claim that a nation should be self-sufficient and even willing to pay for inefficiency in order to enhance national security. Opponents of protectionism however dismiss appeals to national security. A nation can never be completely self-sufficient because raw materials are not found in the same proportion in all areas of the world. Protecting infant industry The necessity to protect an infant industry is perhaps the most credible argument for protectionist measures. Some industries need to be protected until they become viable. Here South Korea serves as a good example. It has performed well by selectively protecting infant industries for export purpose. (Source: adopted from Sak Onkvisit, John J.Shaw, International Marketing: Analysis and Strategy) Reasons for protectionism: (source: adopted from econessays.com) 1. Infant industry argument: small firms need to be protected so as to have time to expand and gain economies of scale so as to be able to compete on an international basis later on. However so far this has happened only in big industries such as the steel industry and it gives a motive for firms to remain lazy because they know they dont have to compete on an international level e.g. steel industry in the USA. 2. Dumping to prevent firms from selling goods at a loss to destroy the domestic industry. By allowing free trade there is guarantee for low prices indefinitely because the moment one firm becomes inefficient more efficient ones will enter the market and take it away. 3. Raise revenue for the government through tariffs. 4. Prevent overspecialization and diseconomies of scale in other words over production in a country due to the need to export goods because this will also lead to misallocation of resources which is what we are trying to prevent by free trade. 5. To remove a balance of payments deficit without however tackling the problem at its root this is inefficiency. Non-economic reason for protectionism: 1. Strategic interests: some industries such as the defense industry are better to be kept domestic. For example a country cant depend on others for it weapons industry because in the case of war it would be left unarmed. 2. Political reasons: lack of willingness to trade due to political differences. For example China and Japan dont trade due to political disputes. 3. Prevention of the import of demerit goods such as tobacco and alcohol. 4. Way of life and maintenance of traditional way of living. 5. Protection against low wage economies: some countries gain comparative advantage by offering lower wages. For example people are imposing trade restrictions on China because it underpays its workers and thus no other economy has the ability to compete with her. Alternative for protectionism: 1. Offering subsidies to producers, which is an unpopular alternative because the money will have to be raised through taxes. 2. Free trade area: free trade between member countries; members charge whatever tariffs they wish towards non-member countries. Examples of these are CAFTA, LAFTA, and NAFTA etc. 3. Customs union: free trade between member countries; members must charge a common external tariff against non-member countries. The EU is the only existing such example. Policies of Protectionism A variety of policies have been claimed to achieve protectionist goals. These include: Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effects of an import quota are similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff. Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules (e.g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.) as a way to introduce barriers to imports. Anti-dumping legislation: Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters. Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against foreign imports. These subsidies are purported to protect local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. Export subsidies: Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies are the opposite of export tariffs, exporters are paid a percentage of the value of their exports. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies. Exchange rate manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in its trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports. International patent systems: There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Two strands of this argument exist: one when patents held by one country form part of a system of exploitable relative advantage in trade negotiations against another and a second where adhering to a worldwide system of patents confers good citizenship status despite de facto protectionism. (Source: Protectionist Policies, Wikipedia) SOURCE: International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementationBy Isobel Doole, Robin Lowe Non-tariff barriers to trade  (NTBs) are  trade barriers  that restrict  imports  but are not in the usual form of a  tariff. Some common examples of NTBs are anti-dumping  measures and  countervailing duties, which, although they are called non-tariff barriers, have the effect of tariffs once they are enacted. Their use has risen sharply after the WTO rules led to a very significant reduction in tariff use. Some non-tariff trade barriers are expressly permitted in very limited circumstances, when they are deemed necessary to protect health, safety, or sanitation, or to protect depletable natural resources. In other forms, they are criticized as a means to evade  free trade  rules such as those of the  World Trade Organization(WTO), the  European Union  (EU), or  North American Free Trade Agreement  (NAFTA) that restrict the use of tariffs. Some of non-tariff barriers are not directly related to foreign economic regulations, but nevertheless they have a significant impact on foreign-economic activity and foreign trade between countries. Trade between countries is referred to trade in goods, services and factors of production. Non-tariff barriers to trade include import quotas, special licenses, unreasonable standards for the quality of goods, bureaucratic delays at customs, export restrictions, limiting the activities of state trading, export subsidies,  countervailing duties, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, rules of origin, etc.  Sometimes in this list they include macroeconomic measures affecting trade. Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade Specific Limitations on Trade: Quotas Import  Licensing  requirements Proportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goods (local content requirements) Minimum import price limits Embargoes Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures: Valuation systems Antidumping  practices Tariff classifications Documentation requirements Fees Standards: Standard disparities Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards Packaging, labeling, and marking Government Participation in Trade: Government procurement policies Export subsidies Countervailing duties Domestic assistance programs Charges on imports: Prior import deposit subsidies Administrative fees Special supplementary duties Import credit discriminations Variable levies Border taxes Others: Voluntary export restraints Orderly marketing agreements Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade Non-tariff barriers to trade can be: Import bans General or product-specific quotas Rules of Origin Quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries Sanitary and phyto-sanitary conditions Packaging conditions Labeling conditions Product standards Complex regulatory environment Determination of eligibility of an exporting country by the importing country Determination of eligibility of an exporting establishment(firm, company) by the importing country. Additional trade documents like Certificate of Origin, Certificate of Authenticity Occupational safety and health  regulation Employment law Import licenses State  subsidies, procurement, trading,  state ownership Export subsidies Fixation of a minimum import price Product classification Quota shares Foreign exchange market  controls and multiplicity Inadequate  infrastructure Buy national policy Over-valued currency Intellectual property  laws (patents,  copyrights) Restrictive licenses Seasonal import regimes Corrupt and/or lengthy customs procedures Types of Non-Tariff Barriers There are several different variants of division of non-tariff barriers. Some scholars divide between internal taxes, administrative barriers, health and sanitary regulations and government procurement policies. Others divide non-tariff barriers into more categories such as specific limitations on trade, customs and administrative entry procedures, standards, government participation in trade, charges on import, and other categories. We choose traditional classification of non-tariff barriers, according to which they are divided into 3 principal categories. The first category includes methods to directly import restrictions for protection of certain sectors of national industries: licensing and allocation of import quotas, antidumping and countervailing duties, import deposits, so-called voluntary export restraints, countervailing duties, the system of minimum import prices, etc. Under second category follow methods that are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and more related to the administrative bureaucracy, whose actions, however, restrict trade, for example: customs procedures, technical standards and norms, sanitary and veterinary standards, requirements for labeling and packaging, bottling, etc. The third category consists of methods that are not directly aimed at restricting the import or promoting the export, but the effects of which often lead to this result. The non-tariff barriers can include wide variety of restrictions to trade. Here are some example of the popular NTBs. Licenses The most common instruments of direct regulation of imports (and sometimes export) are licenses and quotas. Almost all industrialized countries apply these non-tariff methods. The license system requires that a state (through specially authorized office) issues permits for foreign trade transactions of import and export commodities included in the lists of licensed merchandises. Product licensing can take many forms and procedures. The main types of licenses are general license that permits unrestricted importation or exportation of goods included in the lists for a certain period of time; and one-time license for a certain product importer (exporter) to import (or export). One-time license indicates a quantity of goods, its cost, its country of origin (or destination), and in some cases also customs point through which import (or export) of goods should be carried out. The use of licensing systems as an instrument for foreign trade regulation is based on a number of international le vel standards agreements. In particular, these agreements include some provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures, concluded under the GATT (GATT). Quotas Licensing of foreign trade is closely related to quantitative restrictions quotas on imports and exports of certain goods. A quota is a limitation in value or in physical terms, imposed on import and export of certain goods for a certain period of time. This category includes global quotas in respect to specific countries, seasonal quotas, and so-called voluntary export restraints. Quantitative controls on foreign trade transactions carried out through one-time license. Quantitative restriction on imports and exports is a direct administrative form of government regulation of foreign trade. Licenses and quotas limit the independence of enterprises with a regard to entering foreign markets, narrowing the range of countries, which may be entered into transaction for certain commodities, regulate the number and range of goods permitted for import and export. However, the system of licensing and quota imports and exports, establishing firm control over foreign trade in certain goods, in many cases turns out to be more flexible and effective than economic instruments of foreign trade regulation. This can be explained by the fact, that licensing and quota systems are an important instrument of trade regulation of the vast majority of the world. Agreement on a voluntary export restraint In the past decade, a widespread practice of concluding agreements on the voluntary export restrictions and the establishment of import minimum prices imposed by leading Western nations upon weaker in economical or political sense exporters. The specifics of these types of restrictions is the establishment of unconventional techniques when the trade barriers of importing country, are introduced at the border of the exporting and not importing country. Thus, the agreement on voluntary export restraints is imposed on the exporter under the threat of sanctions to limit the export of certain goods in the importing country. Similarly, the establishment of minimum import prices should be strictly observed by the exporting firms in contracts with the importers of the country that has set such prices. In the case of reduction of export prices below the minimum level, the importing country imposes anti-dumping duty which could lead to withdrawal from the market. Voluntary export agreements af fect trade in textiles, footwear, dairy products, consumer electronics, cars, machine tools, etc. Problems arise when the quotas are distributed between countries, because it is necessary to ensure that products from one country are not diverted in violation of quotas set out in second country. Import quotas are not necessarily designed to protect domestic producers. For example, Japan, maintains quotas on many agricultural products it does not produce. Quotas on imports is a leverage when negotiating the sales of Japanese exports, as well as avoiding excessive dependence on any other country in respect of necessary food, supplies of which may decrease in case of bad weather or political conditions. Export quotas can be set in order to provide domestic consumers with sufficient stocks of goods at low prices, to prevent the depletion of natural resources, as well as to increase export prices by restricting supply to foreign markets. Such restrictions (through agreements on various types of goods) allow producing countries to use quotas for such commodities as coffee and oil; as the result, prices for these products increased in importing countries. Embargo Embargo is a specific type of quotas prohibiting the trade. As well as quotas, embargoes may be imposed on imports or exports of particular goods, regardless of destination, in respect of certain goods supplied to specific countries, or in respect of all goods shipped to certain countries. Although the embargo is usually introduced for political purposes, the consequences, in essence, could be economic. Standards Standards take a special place among non-tariff barriers. Countries usually impose standards on classification, labeling and testing of products in order to be able to sell domestic products, but also to block sales of products of foreign manufacture. These standards are sometimes entered under the pretext of protecting the safety and health of local populations. Administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance Among the methods of non-tariff regulation should be mentioned administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance which increase uncertainty and the cost of maintaining inventory. Import deposits Another example of foreign trade regulations is import deposits. Import deposits is a form of deposit, which the importer must pay the bank for a definite period of time (non-interest bearing deposit) in an amount equal to all or part of the cost of imported goods. At the national level, administrative regulation of capital movements is carried out mainly within a framework of bilateral agreements, which include a clear definition of the legal regime, the procedure for the admission of investments and investors. It is determined by mode (fair and equitable, national, most-favored-nation), order of nationalization and compensation, transfer profits and capital repatriation and dispute resolution. Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign  exchange controls Foreign exchange restrictions and foreign exchange controls occupy a special place among the non-tariff regulatory instruments of foreign economic activity. Foreign exchange restrictions constitute the regulation of transactions of residents and nonresidents with currency and other currency values. Also an important part of the mechanism of control of foreign economic activity is the establishment of the national currency against foreign currencies. The transition from tariffs to non-tariff barriers One of the reasons why industrialized countries have moved from tariffs to NTBs is the fact that developed countries have sources of income other than tariffs. Historically, in the formation of nation-states, governments had to get funding. They received it through the introduction of tariffs. This explains the fact that most developing countries still rely on tariffs as a way to finance their spending. Developed countries can afford not to depend on tariffs, at the same time developing NTBs as a possible way of international trade regulation. The second reason for the transition to NTBs is that these tariffs can be used to support weak industries or compensation of industries, which have been affected negatively by the reduction of tariffs. The third reason for the popularity of NTBs is the ability of interest groups to influence the process in the absence of opportunities to obtain government support for the tariffs. Non-tariff barriers today With the exception of export subsidies and quotas, NTBs are most similar to the tariffs. Tariffs for goods production were reduced during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). After lowering of tariffs, the principle of protectionism demanded the introduction of new NTBs such as technical barriers to trade (TBT). According to statements made at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2005), the use of NTBs, based on the amount and control of price levels has decreased significantly from 45% in 1994 to 15% in 2004, while use of other NTBs increased from 55% in 1994 to 85% in 2004. Increasing consumer demand for safe and environment friendly products also have had their impact on increasing popularity of TBT. Many NTBs are governed by WTO agreements, which originated in the Uruguay Round (the TBT Agreement, SPS Measures Agreement, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing), as well as GATT articles. NTBs in the field of services have become as important as in the field of usual trade. Most of the NTB can be defined as protectionist measures, unless they are related to difficulties in the market, such as externalities and information asymmetries information asymmetries between consumers and producers of goods. An example of this is safety standards and labeling requirements. The need to protect sensitive to import industries, as well as a wide range of trade restrictions, available to the governments of industrialized countries, forcing them to resort to use the NTB, and putting serious obstacles to international trade and world economic growth. Thus, NTBs can be referred as a new of protection which has replaced tariffs as an old form of protection. CASE 1: A case for good protectionism Bharat Jhunjhunwala (source: The Hindu Business Line) THE defeat of the NDA Government and the victory of the Congress (I) supported by the Left is one more symptom of the growing worldwide backlash against globalization. White- collar workers in industrial countries are losing their jobs to the cheap labor of India and China. Services, such as research, are now being outsourced because scientists in the developing countries are cheaper. On the other hand, workers in the developing countries are finding that their wages are stagnant while inequality is rising. The belief was that free trade leads to efficient production and also forces domestic government to reduce corruption. This provides relief to the people. Else businessmen would have to pay money to local thugs and politicians to avoid trouble. Government officers would have to be bribed to run normal business. For instance, a boiler inspector can shut down a plant for 15 days on frivolous grounds. The money paid to politicians and officers by the businessman adds to the cost of production and raises the cost of his produce say, cloth to Rs 25 a metre instead of Rs 20. The cost of production of similar cloth in other countries having good governance, however, remains low because they do not have to bribe politicians and officers. The cost of other inputs, such as cotton, machines and chemicals, remains the same in all countries because of free trade. Cloth produced in another country can conquer Indian markets if the cost of production in that clean country is Rs 20 and is Rs 25 in corrupt India. Textile mills in India will have to down shutters. Ultimately, politicians will have to reduce the money they extract from the businessmen failing which they will be killing the goose that lays golden eggs. The same applies to inefficient businessmen. Globalization will force the Indian businessman to install latest looms in order to survive. This will provide good and cheap cloth to the Indian people. Globalization, indeed, begets clean governance and efficient production. The difficulty, however, is that free trade also works in the Labor market. Say, India and another country both have clean governments and the cost of production of cloth in both countries is Rs 20 a metre. The wage rate in the other country is Rs 80 per day. The Indian businessman will not be able to pay more than this rate to his workers as otherwise his cost of production will increase and he will be priced out of the market. The country paying lowest wages wins in free trade. Free trade leads to equalization of wages rates to their global lowest levels. This decline in wages nullifies the benefits from good governance and efficient production. No wonder workers in the industrial countries are opposing free trade and outsourcing. Software programmers are finding their wage rate declining as technology makes it possible to transfer huge amounts of data at the click of the mouse. The wage rates in most developing countries are also stagnant. Workers in East Asian countries are seeing their wage rates decline due to competition from the less paid Chinese workers. Free trade works as a two-edged sword. On the one hand, it leads to clean governance and efficient production but on the other it leads to lowering of wage rates to their global minimum. What is the solution to this problem? How can the benefits of free trade be secured while creating higher wages for the workers? Protectionism enables domestic prices to remain higher than the global prices. Such higher prices can be used to support corruption, inefficient production or higher wages. The solution comes from using protection not for corruption or inefficient production but for higher wages. Suppose India were to impose an additional tax of Rs 5 per metre on cloth imports. The price of cloth in the Indian market would become Rs 25 instead of Rs 20 earlier. This margin can be taken away by corrupt politicians and officers, or used to maintain inefficient production in obsolete mills, or to raise wages of the workers. The ability lies in avoiding the first two uses and promoting the third. If the government establishes, say, a system to trap corrupt politicians and officers, promotes domestic competition to avoid inefficient production, and implements policies that lead to higher wages, then this protectionism becomes pro-people. Free trade is necessarily anti-people because it leads to low wages even if it provides good governance and efficient production. Protectionism can possibly be pro-people if applied correctly. What about exports, though? It is possible to prevent cheap imports by imposing tariffs. But how will exports be made if the domestic wage rates are high? The solution is to use the receipts from import taxes to provide export subsidies to Labor-intensive products. The higher cost due to high wages can be neutralised by the subsidies. It is clear that free trade will not lead to the welfare of the people anywhere in the world. Protectionism makes it possible to secure peoples welfare but only if applied correctly. But bad protectionism that supports corruption is worse than free trade. The challenge is to embrace good protectionism. CASE 2 FREE TRADE OR PROTECTIONISM? The Case Against Trade Restrictions by Vincent H. Miller James R. Elwood (source: isil.org) The Lure of Protectionism   The argument for so-called protectionism (called fair trade by some) may at first sound appealing. Supporters of protectionist laws claim that keeping out foreign goods will save jobs, giving ailing domestic industries a chance to recover and prosper, and reduce the trade deficits. Are these claims valid? Protectionism: What It Costs   Classical Liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill astutely observed in the last century that Trade barriers are chiefly injurious to the countries imposing them. It is true today as it was then, for the following reasons: LOST JOBS: Protectionist laws raise taxes (tariffs) on imported goods and/or impose limits (quotas) on the amount of goods governments permit to enter into a country. They are laws that not only restrict the choice of consumer goods, but also contribute greatly both to the cost of goods and to the cost of doing business. So under protectionism you end up poorer, with less money for buying other things you want